What About Those Who Say Christianity Promotes Male Domination over Women?
By Douglas Groothuis
AN OBSTACLE HINDERS MANY SOULS FROM TRUSTING IN JESUS AS THEIR HOPE for this life and the next. Many modern women have felt the anguish of being treated as second-class citizens in a man's world. They have been stereotyped and marginalized by men who fail to see their real abilities and understand their real desires. Because many women have been discriminated against unfairly because of their gender, they justifiably complain of the sting of sexism.
Christians should be sensitive to these problems, since God calls us to respect everyone equally on the basis of the truth that we are all created in the image of God (Genesis 1:28), to love our neighbor as ourselves (Matthew 19:19), and to recognize our unity and equality in Christ (Galatians 3:26-29). Yet sadly, many women see the Bible itself as justifying the mistreatment of half the human race. A few years ago I wrote an essay for a campus newspaper that responded to an editorial by a young goddess worshiper named Lia Salciccia. The woman's article was provocatively titled, "Christianity Fails to Honor Women,"1 and represented the thinking of scores of people who reject the gospel because they believe the Bible is sexist.
Several charges are often leveled against the God of the Bible. Many non-Christian feminists claim that the God of the Bible is male. If God is male, then men are more like God than women. Therefore, men have a God-like authority over women in a way analogous to God's authority over his creation. This devalues and disempowers women who, because of their gender, will never have the privileged status of men. Salciccia wonders how Christian women put up with it. "Do they enjoy following a religion governed by a book that says they are inferior?" she asks. "When these woman pray to God is it a man's face that they see?"2 Some feminists also complain that since the Incarnation of God occurred in the form of a man, Jesus, this God cannot properly relate to women's experience. Because of these problems with Christianity, they say, women must turn to a feminine understanding of the divine, the Goddess. Hence the bumper-sticker: "Thank Goddess."
Goddess religion takes many forms. Generally speaking, it rejects male- dominated religious practices and centers on ancient pagan practices that revere the earth and its energies, often drawing on unreliable prehistoric sources to fashion a suitable spirituality for women today.3 Goddess religion rejects the notion of God as a distant Creator who sends his male emissary (Jesus) to the world. Instead it worships the Goddess as the divine power and presence that permeates the universe. Salciccia says, "If I can choose my own deity. . . . I will choose one I can relate to, one which is reflected by all living things, including my very female self."4 The goddess, however, is not a personal deity. Despite the references to "She" and "Mother," this deity is really nothing more than an impersonal force, principle, or source that is embedded in nature. The goddess is more of a metaphorical or poetic idea than a literal or actual being.
In rebutting these charges against the God of the Bible, I will highlight several points that pertain to Jesus.5 Those drawn to the goddess must come to terms with the real Jesus, not a sexist caricature. First, the God of the Bible is not male in any sense. God is not a sexual being. Jesus taught that God is spirit (John 4:24) and not one who brings things into existence through procreation. God is not to be represented as either a male or a female (Exodus 20:4; Deuteronomy 4:16). The Bible does refer to God as our Father, but as theologian Alister McGrath explains: To speak of God as father is to say that the role of the father in ancient Israel allows us insights into the nature of God, not that God is a male human being. Neither male or female sexuality is to be attributed to God. Indeed, sexuality is an attribute of the created order that cannot be assumed to correspond directly to any such polarity within the creator God himself.6
Scripture refers to God as "he" and Jesus called God his Father, not to emphasize masculinity against femininity, but to highlight that God is a personal and powerful being. Unlike the idea of the goddess, the biblical God is a knowing, willing, holy, and loving personal agent who reveals himself in the Bible and through becoming a human being in Jesus Christ. In the cultures to which the Bible originally came, men had more authority than women. Although the Bible does not sanction sexism or the marginalization of women, it used the terms and concepts that would best communicate God's position of prestige, and his role as our protector and provider.
Nevertheless, the Bible uses feminine imagery when it speaks of God as giving birth to Israel (Deuteronomy 32:18) and the Christian (James 1:18). Jesus said he longed to gather rebellious Israel to himself as a mother hen gathers her chicks (Matthew 23:37-39). These kinds of metaphors reveal that although God is not a sexual being, he possesses all the qualities that we appreciate in both men and women, because God is the giver of every good and perfect gift (James 1:17).
Second, Jesus did not set up a male-dominated religious system in which women would be permanently subjugated. He surprised his followers by teaching theology to women in private and in public (John 4:7-27; 11:21-27, Luke 10:38-42) at a time when women were excluded from such affairs. Although he esteemed the family, Jesus stipulated that a woman's principal purpose in life is not reducible to motherhood and domestic work but is found in knowing and following God's will (Luke 10:38-42; 11:27-28). Jesus also appeared to Mary after his resurrection and appointed her as a witness to his world-changing event--in a time when the witness of a woman was not respected (John 20:17-18; Matthew 28:5-10). His model of leadership was based on mutual service and sacrifice, not hierarchical authority structures: "You know that the rulers of the Gentiles LORD it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be your slave--just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many (Matthew 20:25-28).
In addition, in the early church women served as prophets (Acts 2:17-18; 21:9) and teachers (Acts 18:24-28). Paul clearly articulated the equality of believers when he said, "You are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, and you are all one in Christ Jesus" (Galatians 3:26-28).7
Third, the incarnation of God in Jesus does not imply that God is male or that God excludes or devalues women. For God to manifest himself in person as a human being, he would have to be either a male or a female. He could not be both simultaneously. However, the most important fact about Jesus was not his maleness (although maleness enabled him to gain respect in ancient, patriarchal Jewish culture), but his holy humanity and identification with the entire human race. As McGrath says, "The fact that Jesus was male, the fact that he was a Jew...all these are secondary to the fact that God took upon himself human nature, thereby lending it new dignity and meaning."8 Jesus understands us all from the inside out: "For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are--yet without sin." (Hebrews 4:15). Although Jesus lived in perfect harmony with the Father and the Holy Spirit, when he joined the human family he knew what it was like to suffer and feel pain, even as we do. During the day of Jesus' life on earth, he offered up prayers and petitions with loud cries and tears to the one could save him from death, and he was heard because of his reverent submission. Although he was a son, he learned obedience from what he suffered and, once made perfect, he became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him (Hebrews 5:7-9).
Those who gravitate toward the goddess because of the problems they perceive with the God of the Bible should realize that Jesus Christ died for the sins of the world, including the sins that men commit against women. Jesus neither endorses nor excuses any sin, but calls everyone to repent of sin and accept him as her Savior, Master, and Friend (John 15:15). An impersonal principle, power, or presence romantically called the goddess can be no one's friend, let alone their Savior. Despite the sentimental use of feminine language, one cannot relate personally to an impersonal power.
While goddess religion is speculatively reconstructed from the dark recesses of prehistory, the drama of Jesus is enshrined in datable, space-time, human history. God has a human face, the visage of Jesus. His story has spoken to countless millions of women and men worldwide for the last two thousand years--and continues to speak to us today.
http://www.gospelcom.net/ivpress/groothuis/WhatAboutMale.htm